Thursday, November 28, 2013

From slavery to freedom: the Oromo slave children of Lovedale, prosopography and profiles

By Sandra Carolyn Teresa Rowoldt Shell 
A dissertation submitted in fulflment of the requirements 
for the award of the degree of 
Doctor of Philosphy in Historical Studies
Faulty of the Humanities
University of Cape Town, 2013
Dedication
This thesis is dedicated to the memory, courage and resilience of the Oromo children
Abstract
In 1888, eighty years after Britain ended its oceanic slave trade, a British warship liberated a consignment of Oromo child slaves in the Red Sea and took them to Aden. A year later, a further group of liberated Oromo slave children joined them at a Free Church of Scotland mission at Sheikh Othman, just north of Aden. When a number of the children died within a short space of time, the missionaries had to decide on a healthier institution for their care.  After medical treatment and a further year of recuperation, the missionaries shipped sixty-four Oromo children to Lovedale Institution in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. From 1890, Lovedale baptised the children into the Christian faith, taught them and trained them. By 1910, approximately one third had died, one third had settled in the Cape of Good Hope, one third had returned to Ethiopia and one had headed for the United States. The present study is a cohort-based, longitudinal prosopography of this group of Oromo slave children, based on the core documentation of the children’s own first passage accounts, supplemented by numerous and varied independent primary sources. This prosopographic technique yielded a profoundly different and more complex picture of their first passage, which emerged as a longer, more intricate and more varied ordeal than hitherto recognised. Boys experienced longer first passages, came from higher altitudes, were sold more times, endured longer periods of enslavement within the domestic system, received harsher treatment, attempted escape more frequently, and had a higher mortality rate throughout their lives. Girls, on the other hand, were rushed to the coast, presumably to expedite the higher prices that young, beautiful, intact Oromo slave women traditionally achieved in the Arabian slave markets. These findings suggest the need for a revision of ideas of the long-term physiological and psychological legacies of the first passage, as well as a re-examination of the much explored topic of mortality following the first passage. Their education at Lovedale established the children as a productive and resourceful cohort. The return of some of them to Ethiopia caused a contretemps on the eve of World War I involving the governments of four countries: the Cape, Britain, Germany and Ethiopia. This story constitutes a unique record and chronology of African slavery, its associated institutions and effects.

Top human rights watchdog investigates Ethiopia and Botswana

The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), the region’s top human rights body, has called for the forced relocation of thousands of tribal people in Ethiopia to be halted, and has raised concerns over the denial of rights of Botswana’s Bushmen.

 The Commission urged Ethiopia to stop the forced resettlement of the Lower Omo Valley tribes to make way for vast plantations, while it investigates allegations of human rights violations. 

Ethiopia’s policy of ‘villagization’ is enforced by the military, and numerous reports of killings, beating, rapes, and imprisonment of local tribal people have surfaced – which both Ethiopia’s largest single donors, the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and USAID, are aware of. 

A recent report, ‘Ignoring abuse in Ethiopia: DFID and USAID in the Lower Omo Valley’ by the Oakland Institute, revealed that despite investigations by the donor agencies which uncovered grave human rights violations, the agencies failed to take any action and have called the allegations ‘unsubstantiated’. 

The report further states, ‘These agencies give virtually unconditional financial, political, and moral support to the Ethiopian government and DFID currently spends a larger proportion of its overseas aid budget on Ethiopia than any other country … they are wilful accomplices and supporters of a development strategy that will have irreversible devastating impacts on the environment and natural resources and will destroy the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands of indigenous people.’

 The ACHPR has also sent an ‘urgent appeal’ to the President of Botswana for denying the Bushmen their right to legal counsel. The Bushmen’s lawyer Gordon Bennett was barred in July from entering the country ahead of a vital court case concerning the Bushmen’s right to their land. 

The Botswana government is doing everything in its power to drive the Bushmen from their land: as a result, Survival International has called for tourists to boycott the country. Recent revelations of large-scale fracking concessions on Bushman land have reinforced fears that the government is clearing the area for natural resource extraction. 

Survival’s Director Stephen Corry said today, ‘If they won’t listen to international protests, perhaps Ethiopia and Botswana may at least listen to what the African Commission has to say. Otherwise both countries risk becoming pariahs in the public’s eyes.’

=>reliefweb

Oromoonni Jiraattoti magaala Buraayyuu ta’an qe’ee irraa buqqifaman,Bulchitooti gandaas hojii irraa arihaman.

Sadaasa 28,2013 Finfinnee
OPDO.jpg saamtuuMootummaan Wayyaanee erga aangootti olbahee uummatni Impaayera Itoophiyaa keessaa nagaa waaraa guyyaa takka illee argatee hin beeku. Addatti Wayyaaneen ilmaan Oromoo saamaa, ajjeesaa, hidhaa, qe’ee irraa buqqisaa as gahe. Bara dhumaatii isaa keessas wayyaaneen bittaa umrii koo dheeressa jedhee kan abdatu hidhaa Jumlaa, ajjeechaa fi qe’ee irraa buqqisuun hangafoota. Haalli kunis hammaachuun wayyaaneen uummata nagaa qe’ee irraa buqqisaa jira. Naannoo magaala Finfinnee Buraayyuu keessattis mootummaan wayyaanee ilmaan Oromoo isin lafa mootummaa irratti eeyyama malee lafa ijaarrattanii jirtu jechuun manneen uummataa diiguu irratti argamu. Kanneen kana taasisaa jiran kaadhimamtoota mootummaa wayyaanee TPLF investerootaaf haala mijeessuuf tattaafatan yoommuu tahan uummatni mana isaanii wayita diigamu dura dhaabbannaa taasisaa kanneen turan waraana wayyaaneen reebamuun miidhaa jabaaf saaxilamanii jiran. Magaala Buraayyuu gandawwan shan keessatti manneen diigaman
  1. Ganda Malkaa gafarsaa keessaa manneen diigaman 138
  2. Ganda Lakkuu Kattaa keessaa manneen 76
  3. Ganda Buraayyuu Kattaa keessaa manneen 36
  4. Ganda Gafarsaa Buraayyuu keessaa manneen 100
  5. Ganda Gafarsaa Noonnoo keessaa manneen 40
Kanneen diigaman yoommuu tahu mootummaan wayyaanee investerootatti gurguruuf manneen ilmaan Oromoo diiguu irraa dura dhaabbannaa kanneen taasisaa kanneen turan Obbo Alamaayyoo Baqqalaa fi Obbo Gaarii Birraatuu ganda gafarsaa Buraayyuu keessaa waraana mootummaa wayyaaneen reebamuun miidhaa jabaaf saaxilamanii jiran. Mootummaan wayyaanees namoota uummata waliin bulchinsa tahanii hidhata qaban hojii irraa arii’ee jira. Kanneen hojii irraa arii’aman ganda Lakkuu Kattaa keessaa
Aadde Warqinesh Guddinaa bulchinsa gandaa
  1. Obbo Dabalaa Hojjetaa bulchinsa gandaa keessaa kan arii’ame
  2. Obbo Shimallis Hojjetaa bulchinsa gandaa keessaa kan arii’ame
Ganda Buraayyuu Kattaa keessaa kanneen arii’aman
  1. Aadde Yashii Aliyyee
  2. Shaalaqaa Taammanee
Ganda Malkaa Gafarsaa keessaa kanneen arii’aman
  1. Obbo Tashoomee Bafirduu
  2. Tseggaa Warquu
Ganda gafarsaa noonnoo keessaa kanneen arii’aman
  1. Obbo Kabbadaa bulchisa gandaa
  2. Obbo Tafarii KHR
Mootummaan Wayyaanee bara dhumaatii isaa keessa dhiibbaa gaggeessuu irraa dhaabuu baatus qabsootti jabaachuun furmaata jechuun jirattootni magaala Buraayyuu dhaammatanii jiran.

“Shame shame shame”; when hypocrisy took over shamefulness

November 28, 2013 | Sole Dink
One could tie, the emphatic chanting seen on the recent protest held in DC against the grueling news of immigrants in Saudi, with emotion. The chanting was “Shame shame shame shame shame on Saudi Arabia!” At a time, more so is humane to focus on the goal of the protest, at least for the sake of immigrants who faced dicey situations, than focusing on the chant. The atrocities inflicted on Ethiopians are enumerable. Thanks to social media, thousands of pictures and video clips have been posted by eye witnesses. It was nerve wrecking to view some of these pictures. What is more nerve wrecking was the fact that, out of tens of thousands other immigrants, Ethiopians are solely receiving the harshest atrocities. Everywhere, Ethiopian refugees receive the worst treatment. Then I asked myself why? Why do Ethiopians disrespected to this extent? Why do we Ethiopians stay being examples of human disgrace?  Why do we have to tail all human civilization? Aren’t we supposed to be the anointed people from the holy land?
As much as I tried to focus on the protest, I could not help asking myself the benignity of the tone of the chanting. Some protests directed towards cursing and naming all Saudis, although not sure if all Saudis have taken part in the atrocities. Triumphant the chanting was, however, one with the glimpse of Ethiopian history could not escape to think mendacity and hypocrisy in the chanting. This is more relevant in the realm of trying to inquire the root cause of the problem.
For many years, we have depicted Ethiopians as a holly Christian country surrounded by savages and adversaries. For centuries, our elites have crafted a misguided and condescending history to brainwash our people; thought us the holiness of our land and the anointment of our people. Our history has been twisted and our realities have covered. We have hushed and numbed to live with 300 years of history without 3 loaves of breads. The superiority has ingrained subconsciously to many us, hindered us to reconcile with our reality. They have advocated how Ethiopians are better than the rest of Africa, mainly based on their skin color and hair texture.
Evidence to this condescending history is the subconscious entitlement reflected on many Ethiopians without due fact. Recent frenzy of social media following the flooding of Saudi Arabia has revealed how many have portrayed the flooding as God’s punishments. Filled with hate and arrogance, many have reduced the work of God to their narrow understanding. If God was, to their take, why would He punish Ethiopia with all these miseries and draught? These sentiments of empty entitlement and superiority are the product of the groups who have ruled the country for over a century.
Ethiopians are abused and tortured more in Ethiopia than anywhere else. No matter how vehemently the elites cling on the misguided history, it is impossible to escape the fact on the ground. The legacy of ruling the country for more than a century is starvations, war, imprisonment, hate, immigration and many more miseries of our people. Today, many Ethiopians are living in destitute, whether it is in Ethiopia or outside. We cannot deny the paradox, the paradox of every Ethiopians dream to lam their “beloved” country. More so are the miseries in rural part of Ethiopia, despised like cursed plaque, the farmer along with his Ox, plough the deserted land to prolong the breath of his families. These could only be true, had his land have not grabbed and sold to enrich the pockets of the few.
tigree1984
Coming back to the ranting at the protest, it is more of the phrase ‘Like father, like son’. Ask a legitimate question, who should deserve all these tantrum of“SHAME”? The elites who have ruled the country to its destitute or the Saudis? Ethiopians who engage on dehumanizing and torturing their own people or the Saudis? The hypocrisy is more obvious when the ranting lacks the sincerity to admit the wicked history and when they thrive to bring the old rotten ideology that has brought us to these problems at the first place. Even today, these elites manipulate the rest to capitalize on their agenda. They use innocent Ethiopians to bring their hidden goals. Evidently, the recent incidence at DC protest makes the intention of the protest more questionable. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm4Vrzo09v4(Preview) what makes the situation more revealing, was when the rest immediately with no due diligence, has echoed the ranting. “Shame” with its emphatic tone has passed over. However, what most failed to ask was who really deserve the word? Again, indicating how brainwashed these flocks are.
This writing is not to legitimize the atrocities inflicted on immigrants in the Middle East nor is it to criticize the behavior and beliefs of Saudis. The writing is my take on reiterating the direction of our grievance and to indicate how disconnected our history from our daily reality is. The root causes of our problems are not Arabs or any other country for that matter. We are the root cause. Unless otherwise we start admitting our own problems, no lasting solutions can be reached.
This last weekend was another heart wrecking story. It was the weekend where many Ethiopians unleashed their hate against Oromos. This dehumanizing incidence ignited following the appearance of video clip, showing Oromo’s protesting the atrocity in Saudi Arabia. Soon after the video surfaced, the ecstasy of rage took over social media. It is hard to describe some of the derogatory words that were used by these people. Some have tempted to rule over the fate of Oromo’s while others decide on their very existence, again arrogance and ignorance took over their judgments.
tigree2013Not sure what makes this incident different, for many years now, Oromos have protested alone. If not looking for reasons to dehumanize them, Oromos have always said “we are not Ethiopians”. What these Ethiopians failed to understand is, for many years, Oromo’s have refuted the identity of Ethiopianism, for the very reason of hate, belittling, and dehumanization inflicted on them. It is hard today to find a single conscious Oromo proudly calling himself an Ethiopian. His/her Ethiopianism has stripped off. Today, Oromos have distant themselves from Ethiopians in most aspect of their life. In North America, the distance can clearly be seen. In Every American city, Oromos have their own community center. Big or not, Oromos have different churches and worship center. Every year, when Ethiopians hold soccer tournament, Oromos hold their own soccer tournament.
No video clip could justify the derogatory words used against Oromos. The dehumanization underscores the deep hidden hate these people have for Oromos. Preaching for unity while unleashing this kind of hateful words hinders the already compromised unity among people.
Between Ethiopia and Oromos, the crack has widened, the difference has demarcated, but those who failed to see the distinctions still dreams to live the past life. Every day atrocities of these kinds attribute to the widening of the cracks and the gaps. Time and again, Oromo’s clearly understood the impossible, the fruitless hope of trying to live with these people harmoniously and respectfully. The paradox of these people, screaming vainly for unity while unleashing irrevocable hate, has prevailed. Short memory of the campaign done on the name of Oromo First on Jawar Mohamed and his friends followed by “Chaltu ende Helen” of Tesfaye Gebreab has proven these reality.
Today most Oromos, men and women, young and old, have understood what is in the stake. It has long since these anguish of hate and atrocities led Oromos to attest to their identity of Ethiopianism. For the few Oromos, who still live under the dream of the rotten ideology, it will not be long before they get on the swagon. Sooner or later, the filth of hate will splash them on the face.

50,000 illegal Ethiopian workers in Saudi Arabia sent home

November 27, 2013, ADDIS ABABA (AFP): Ethiopia has flown home over 50,000 citizens in Saudi Arabia after a crackdown against illegal immigrants in the oil-rich state, the foreign ministry said Wednesday.
“We projected the initial number to be 10,000 but it is increasing,” foreign ministry spokesman Dina Mufti told AFP, adding that the final total once the mass airlift ends is now expected to be around 80,000.
Ethiopia started repatriating citizens living illegally in Saudi Arabia after a seven-month amnesty period to formalise their status expired on November 4, sparking violent protests between Saudi police and Ethiopian migrants preparing to leave the country.
The Ethiopian government said three of its citizens were killed in clashes.
Illegal migrants wait to be transferred by police buses to a deportation centre in Riyadh, on November 13, 2013
Dina said the government is spending $2.6 million (1.9 million euros) on the repatriation programme to bring citizens home, the majority women.
Ethiopia has said relations with Saudi Arabia remain “sisterly”, with Dina saying the government’s main priority was to bring citizens home.
“We are focussing on the repatriation… we have not evaluated that one, we have not assessed that,” he said, referring to Ethio-Saudi ties.
Large numbers of Ethiopians — often women seeking domestic work — travel to the Middle East each year looking for jobs.
Around 200,000 women sought work abroad in 2012, according to Ethiopia’s ministry of labour and social affairs.
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) said many face physical and mental abuse, low pay, discrimination and poor working conditions.
Reports of mistreatment of Ethiopians in Saudi Arabia has sparked outrage in Ethiopia.
In an emotional speech this month, Ethiopia’s Foreign Minister Tedros Adhanom said the government was in “around the clock crisis management” mode trying to bring citizens back.
With 91 million citizens, Ethiopia is Africa’s most populous country after Nigeria, but also one of the continent’s poorest, with the majority of people earning less than two dollars a day.
Around 27 percent of women and 13 percent of men are unemployed, according to the ILO.