Officials from Egypt, Ethiopia & Sudan meet on Grand Renaissance Dam

November 4, 2013 (KHARTOUM) - The water ministers of Sudan, Egypt, and Ethiopia held a meeting in Khartoum on Monday to discuss the joint mechanism for implementing the recommendations of the International Panel of Experts (IPoE) regarding the Grand Renaissance Dam.

Planned Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project (file/AP)

The IPoE is composed of six representatives each drawn from Ethiopia, Egypt and Sudan, and another four international experts and was established to assess the impact of the dam project on downstream countries.

The report which was submitted by IPoE to the three countries last June is believed to show that the $4.7 billion dam will not have any major effect on lower riparian countries of Egypt and Sudan. However Egypt assert that the deficiencies mentioned by the report need to be addressed before carrying on with the dam project.

Ethiopia’s minister of Water, Irrigation, and Energy, Alamayo Tegno, stressed his country’s determination to build the dam in order to meet national development objectives and sustain regional cooperation between Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt, saying that his government undertook the necessary procedures and precautions for building the dam.

Tegno said in his address before the opening session of the meeting that the objective of the summit is to draw a roadmap for following up on the recommendations of the IPoE.

Sudan’s minister of Electricity and Dams Osama Abdallah, expressed hope that the meeting arrives at recommendations which would enhance joint cooperation among the three countries and pointed that his government is committed to the IPoE findings, saying that the project opens new horizons for cooperation.

Egypt’s minister of Irrigation, Mohamed Abdel-Motalib, said that it is high time for developing a new strategy which secures the best results for the future generations and said that the meeting represents a pivotal point for the three countries to complete the work which has begun two years ago.

He called for the implementation of the accords reached by the foreign ministers in order to arrive at an agreement on the political level besides the technical ones which he said need more rationing.

When the dam project - which will have power generation capacity of 6,000 MW - goes operational, the horn of Africa’s nation projects it will generate up to 2 million Euros per day from exporting hydro-electricity.

Although Ethiopia is a source to 85% of the Nile’s water resources, a colonial era treaty, however, has allowed Egypt to utilize the lion’s share of the water resources.

The treaty effectively granted the North African nation a veto power against any dam project along the Nile River in upper riparian countries.

Sudan however, has expressed support to Ethiopia’s dam project putting it at odds with Cairo.

(ST)

=>sudantribune

Kan keenyaaf – Nutuu Geenya!

Jiituu Lammii – Unbarsiitii Finfinnee

Bara duriiti. Allaattii risaa jedhamutu lukkuutti michee wajjin jiraachuu jalqabe jedhama. Allaattiin kun uumama isaa dagatee, uumaa isaatiin ala lukku wajjin daraa haadhaa, harca’aa funaanaa kosii keessa oolu jiruu godhate. Garuu akka jaraa irraa hinbareedu-waan uumaa isaa mitikaa. Galgala, dhiya aduu eegee qooxii (haraatii) yaaba. Akka kanaan jireenyi isaa dhawaata lukkuudhuma fakkaachaa deeme. Ta’us garuu, darbee darbee miira addaa, kan uumaa ganamaa keessa isaatii dhaggeeffachuu hinoolle. Gaafii gaafii miirri kuun jabaatee “ …kaatee bantii samii gargar saaqxee, goobaafi golba lafaa qaari’tee, gaafa sii gamte: gaatiraa, heexoo birbirsa feetu garbii fiixa baatee – lafa garaa kee hinqubattuu….!? Isa maaliit ati lukkuu muul’ata hinqabne waliin daaraa haadhaa ooltee galgala haraatiitti rarraata…!? Jedhee qeequu jabeesse. Gama biraatiinimmoo, haalli inni keessa jiraatuufi lukkuun inni wajjin jiraatu “ …. Ati isa kam wan ta’uu hindandeenyeefi uumaan siif hinhirre ta’uu abbalta!? Atoo silaa numa fakkaata; danaan kee cufti akkuma keenyaa- duuba mee akkamiin nurraa gargarbaatee samii keessa laboobuu hawwita…!? Safuudha! … mee hunduu haahafuutii… isa wajjiniin nyaannee- dhugne, jireenya waliin dabarsine… akkamiin dagatteeti nurraa gargar bahuu yaadda…!?” jechuun takka doorsisaa takammoo sossoobaa of fakkeesanii of birattii hambisuuf sadoo jabeessan. Risaan, utuma miira masaanuu wal mormu keessa jiraatuuti gana gaaf tokkoo otuma warri inni wajjin jiraatuu akkuma dur kosii keessatti eeganii gaaftokko lafarraa ol ka’ee balali’uu yaale. Sadoo ormaa, yaalii uumama isaa malee daaraa keessatti isa hambisuuf godhamu, fedhiifi carraaqqii warra “….of dhiisii nu fakkaadhuu jiraadhu….” Jedhanii keessaa bahee hireefi dandeettiin isaa maal akka ta’e battalumatti akeekkate. Sana booda utuma haalliifi warri inni wajjin jiraatu mormanii uumaafi uumama isaa dhaggeeffatee kossii haadhaa ooluu dhiisee samii keessa fagaatee balali’e. Ergasii lukkuun risaa samii keessatti ol eeguu malee akka dur sobdee, sossobdee… of wajjiniin daaraa keessatti hambisuu hindandeenye jedhama.

Kabajamtoota dubbistoota barruu kanaa, Sabni Oromoo uumaa isaa lagatee, eenyummaa isaa dhiisee ormi karaa ormi baaseefi haala ormi tolche keessatti qofa of hubatee fedhiif abdiin isaa gabaabbatee, gabaabumatti waan isaaf malu cufa ormaaf dhiisee, gabaabumatti waan isaaf malu cufa ormaaf dhiisee salphatee miila isaanii jala akka jiraatu fedhiif akeeka qaban dhugoomsuuf shira himamee hindhumne, garuummoo seenaan hindaganne hedduu raawwachaa turuu isaanii, ammallee ittijiraachuufi boruufis akeeka walfaakkaatu qabaachuu isaaniitu durdurii kana na yaadachiise.

Gara ijoo dubbii kiyyattan deebi’a. Isa dura garuu jabina dubbii koof akka tolu jecha akkuma dur seena darbe keessaa waa isin waliin yaaddachuun hawwe. Dubbichi akkana: Qabsoo diddaa gabrummaa, bifa haaraan dhaloonni gara FDG(civil mass disobedience movement)itti babal’isan fuuldura dhaabachuuf Wayyaanonni tooftaa tokko qindeeffatanii ture. Toftaan kun kanuma duruu jiru ta’ee garuu, bara 2005nii eegalee bal’inaan akka hojiirra ooluu ta’e. Akkuma kanaan, Aadde Azeeb Masfin duula kanatti ooggana duraa yoo taatuu, qondalonni basaasaafi aanga’oonni waraanaa dhalootaan Tigree ta’animmoo dabballoota OPDO of dura buusun walduraa duuban qindaayanii qajeelfama gubbaarraa darbu hojiitti hiikuuf qe’ee Oromootti bobba’an. Akeekni isaanii dargaggoota Oromoo qeensa laafeyyii ta’an (faayidaaf bitamuu danda’an), yookanimmoo warra Oromoo kessatti dhalatanii Afaaniif Aadaa sabichaa beekan filachuun aangoofi maallaqa guddaa ittikennuun warra isaan morman hawachuu, warra jajjabina qabanimmoo hidhuu, ajjeesuufi goolii adda addaan hamlee laaffisuu ture. Aakkuma kanaan, duulli jalqabaa lafa Oromoo Finfinneetti marfatee jiru: Buraayyuu hanga Sabbataatti; kalattii biraan ammoo Sulultaa jalqabee Laga Xaafoo – Laga Daadhii dabalatee hanga Galaaniifi Duukam gahutti hoogana Tigree jalatti cicciramee akka gurguramu ta’e. Warri lafa kana akka bitatan jajjabeeffaman saboota Oromoo hintaanee: (Tigree, Guraagee, Amaaraa, Silxee…) ta’uun ammoo duulichi Yrymyy balleessuuf ergama qarlamee qabaachuu mirkaneessa. Haaluma kanaan, yeroo gabaabaa keessattii duulli walfakkaatu Oromiyaa hundatti akka raawwatu dabbaloota gadiif qajeelfama dabarsan. Akkakanaan, magaalonni Oromiyaa hundi harka kaabineetti galee gurgurtaan lafaa hanga dhabe. Maallaqni gurgurtaa lafa Oromoo kanarraa argamu harki guddaan karaa Aadde Azeeb aanga’oota Wayyaaneef kanqooddamu yoota’u, harcaatuu ishee kadiree OPDOtiif dhiisu. Kaabineen OPDO maqaa dhahatan akka kanaan harcaatuu funaannatan konkolaataa ammayyaa (V-eight) bitatanii, sookkoo dheedhii qubaafi mormatti naqatanii, shuguxii ‘micro F’ mudhiitti kaawwatanii, haadha manaa shanii –jaha fudhanii, cooma murachaa Wiskii buufachaa, saggoon saggooratti margee, quufni daangaa dhabee Oromoo dhugaaf dubbatu, sabaaf quuqamu bahaa gala dhoowwanii gariin ajjeesanii ykn. ajjeesisanii, gariin maatii facaasee yoo biyyaa bahu, gariin roorroo kana dhoowwachuuf bosonatti gale; isa kaanimmoo akki dhibee, qe’ee dhaloota isaarratti yuuyya’ee, quucaree hafe- Seenaa hadhaawaa! Jarrii shira kana hojjatan har’a, (isiiniif margaa malee) jiruu sagaagalummaa mana bunaa keessatti dabarsaniin gariin isaanii dhukkuba HIV/AIDSn faalamanii ammas karaa biraatiin uummatatti balaan yoo deebi’an, gariin ammoo qabeenya isaan saba isaanirraa saaman Wayyaanonni harkaa butatanii kaanhidhaatti, gariin ammoo akkahintaane ta’aniiru.

Seenaa kana qalbiin erga yaadannee booda, faanni seenaa kaleessafi har’a, darbeemmoo boru garamitti akka aggaamu akeekkachuuf, caalatti ammoo hojii yeroon nurraa eegutti humna guutuun fuulleffachuuf akka tolu gara taajjabbii koo torbee lamaan kanaatti haadeebinu. Jarreen kaleessa shira olitti himame hojjataa turan har’a bubbee hamaan gola isaanii seenee dhaabbachuu dadhabanii raafamaa jiraachuu dhugaa guyyuu muul’atu ta’ullee, warra mamii qalbii keessaa qabaniif raga kaahun, wal hubachaa dhimma fuulduratti nu eeggatutti fuulleffachuuf gargaara. Kanaaf jecha, waanuma torbee lamaan kana isaan ittijiran gabaabumatti ilaaluu yaalla.

Dabballoonni OPDO tibba kana maqaa “raawwii bara darbeefi karoora bara dhufuurratti mari’anna” jedhuun bakka hundatti guyyoota kudhaniif kora taa’aa turan. Kora kanarratti yaaddoofi abdii kutannoon yoomuu argamee hinbeekamne kan muul’ate yoo ta’u, dabballoonni tokko tokko “ … duunee awwaala keessa jirra…” jechuun haalicha ibsaniiru. Haala jara kanaa hubachuuf akkasumas, egree isaanii tilmaamuuf, iccitii dhokataa barbaaduurra, galgala yoo isaan bakka mariitii hahan dhaabbatanii akkaataa isaanii ilaaluun qofti nama seenaa isaanii durii beekuuf dhugaa tokko hima. Akka kanaan, hoolota hongeen ittidheerate fakkeenya mogoleen walrigaa, boquun gadi cabee mataa buusanii abdii malee yoo deeman ilaaluun waan isaan ittijiran akeekuu caalatti boru maaltu akka ta’uuf deemu tilmaamuuf nama gargaara.

Dabbaloonni kun, haalli isaan keessa jiran milkii akka hinqabne, abdiin irraa fagaatee egereen isaanii dukkanatti deemaa kan jiru ta’uu guyyoota kudhaniif wal harkaa fuudhanii walumatti deebisuun alatti yaaddoo isaaniif fala kaahuu hindandeenye. Dargaggoonni wal ijaaranii qabsoof qophiin godhaan jabaachaa deemuun, raayyaan waraanaa, keessumaammoo poolisoonni dhawaata qalbiin gara uummataattii dhiyaachaa dhufuun, dabbalootumti duraan amanamoo turan sirnicha dhiisuuf fala biraa barbaaddachaa jiraachuufi (karaa danda’ameen qarshii saamanii miliquun), hunda caalammoo uummataan garmalee jibbamuufi kkf. Dhimmoota yaaddoo uuman ta’uurratti walii galanillee, dargaggoota isaan nyaachuuf qophaawaa jiran faayidaa adda addaan ofitti qabuu, warra tooftaa kanaan qabamuu didanimmoo hidhaafi doorsisaan ofirraa faccisuun hanga danda’ametti lubbuu dheereffachuuf yaaluun alatti waan “… kanatu furmaata…” jedhanii ittabdatan dhabuun keessa isaaniitti yaaddoo caalu uumeera. Dabballoon kun akka kanaan erga walitti waakkaachaa turanii booda, iccitii isaanii akka uummata bira hingeenye walkaksiisuun karaa sabaa himaalee harkaa isaanii jiruun akkuma baran waan sobaa dabarsuun uummata gowwomsuuf yaalaniiru. Karaa biraatiin, nama dugduuba dubbii kanaa qola keessaa baasee ilaaleef qabsoon uummataa sadarkaa murteessaarra gahuu hubachiisa.

Gabaabumatti, yaaddoon kun dhimma duruu beekamuufi eegamu fakkaatullee, nama jiruu saba Oromoo jijjiiruuf qabsootti jiru tokkoof ergaa guddaa qabaata. Qabsoon Oromoo galma isaatti dhiyaachuu eera. Dubbiin dubbii lukkuufi risaa sana fakkataa. Har’a uummanni jara soba isaanii wajjin kosii keessatti dhiisee karaa isaaf malu qabatee fagaateera. Lafa lamuu jaraan walitti deebi’uu hindandeenye qaqqabeera. Kanaaf ammoo qaawwa ofii suphachaa, wiirtuu diinaa waraanuufi uummata diina harkaa bahee jiru caalatti humneessanii qabsoo galmaan gahuuf seenaan hiree seenaa qabu nu harkaan geesseetti.. Kuni bu’aa qabsoo bara dheeraati. Amma Qabsoo kanatti xumura gochuu gaafata. Kanaaf, akkuman duraan jedhe, humnaafi tooftaa yeroon gaafatu qindeeffachuun humnafi saffisa dabalatanii fuulduratti furga’uuf amma yeroon murteessaa ta’eera. Kun dhimma keenya. Dhimma keenyaaf ammoo nutuu geenya!!

Injifannoon Uummata Oromoof!!

=>qeerroo

Oromo Protest against the TPLF fundraising in Munich

The Embassy of the TPLF regime with it’s five to seven agents organized a fund raising event in the Bavarian town of Munich, hiring two different costly Halls to confuse our protest action. However it did not take us time till the information pointing the exact location leaked in to our ears, and then followed a sudden but very well coordinated and successfully implemented occupation plan. Together with other Protesters, the members of the Union of Oromo Students in Germany and Lovers of the Oromo Freedom struggle from the town of Munich rushed in to the Hall surprising the Organizers who were scared and chose to flee leaving their cook alone in the kitchen.

 The protesters used the stage to show their rage against the abuse of human rights in Oromia and Ethiopia, demanded the release of Political Prisoners, shouted for the freedom of religion and in support of the Muslim movement in the TPLF occupied empire etc.

 After such an embarrassing moment for those organizers who entrench themselves behind the Security men, a Chief Police officer entered to the Hall and gently greeted the more than 200 protesters who overwhelmingly outnumbered the Scene. During the discussion, many Protesters explained him the real nature of the TPLF regime. Following that he recognized our rights to protest and admitted that the situation in Ethiopia is not very well known here, advising us to bring it more to the German public.

 The occupation and blockage ended successfully at 19:00 o’clock local time. Again the Woyanes got a lesson that; Munich says here you are never welcome.

 Unity is Strength!

IUOF!!

www.tboj.de

=>bilisummaa

Kabaja Waggaa 3ffaa Yaa’ii 1ffaa Qeerroo Yuuniversitii Adaamaa

Maandhee Leenca Gaara Muul’ataa  gamtaa Qeerroo YSTA(Yuuniversitii Adaamaa)

      Gaaddisa ABO,Sochii Dargaggoota Biyyoolessaa Diimookiraasiifi Bilisummaa Oromoo(Qeerroo) Onkololeessaa 27/10/2013

Sagantaa keenyaa yaadannoo sammuu gootota haqaa,walabummaa biyyasaanii Oromiyaa fi Bilisummaa Oromoof  kumaatama,dhiiraa fi dhalaan aarsaa (kitima)lubbuu kaffalaniif daqiiqaa muraasaf yaaddannoo sammuu gochuun kan eegallee yeroo tahu,itti fufnee irbuu(waadaa )Oromummaa afuura OROMUMMAAN haaressinee jirra.

Itti fufee haasawa  sagantaa duunqoo qabsiisuu kabaja maandhee gaara muuldhataa kan waggaa 3ffaatu qabsiisame. Haasawatu taasifame walitti qabaa mandhichaa   Jaal Marii Hordofaa Gadaati.

Kaayyoo fi muuldhata ,ABO  adda durummaan fudhachuun, kaayyoon ABO kaayyoo ganamaa  ifaa fi gabbataa walabummaa Oromiyaa fi Bilisummaa Oromoof  hundeeffaa fi bu’ureeffama sirriin kan aangeffaamii fi aanjeffamee qabsoo gita hin qabne diina irraatti toofta qabsoo sasalphaa irraa hanga duula hidhannootti dhaaba  haqummaa fi eenyummaa Oromoof wareeggama lubbuu buuse,buusaa jiruufi hanga dhumaatti buusu tahu manni marii hoo’aa fi gammachuun badhaadhe irraatti darbarsee jira

Tarkaanfii ABO erga qabsoo hidhannootti galee buuse,dhimmoota Afaanii, Aadaa fi seenaa, abbaa biyyummaa waliin wal qabatee bu’aan dhaloonni qubee xiqqaattus argan  dafqa ABO tahuu firaa miti diinnii akka ragaa bahu illeen ifaan irraatti dubbannee oollerra.

Qabxiin itti aanu  hojiilee Maandheen keenyaa gamtaa qeerroo Leenca Gaara Muul’ataa yuuniversitii Adaamaa waggoota lamaan darbee raawwatee tokko tokko kaasne irraatti marii baldhaa geggessinee jirra. Kannen guyyoota kan  FDG  sadasaa 9 fi guyyaa gootota Oromoo Amajjii 1 kabajuufi barrulee qeerroo mooraa keessaatti bakkee adda addaatti  maxxaansuun diinaa raasuufi ilmaan sabaa hamillee kaasun dabarsaa tureerra. Ayyaanlaallattuu,galttuu fi fakkaattuu diinaa waliin ergama diinaa dhimmaa Oromoo itti bobba’an tokko tokko dhaabaf saaxiluufi duraa dhaabbachaa hojii sabboonummaa dabarsaa tureerra.walumaa gala dhimma Oromoo fi Oromiyaa gaafa rakkoos ta’ee gaafa gammachuuf akka quba wal qabannuuf jaarmiyaa dhaabbatee tahuu asuma fuulleen gabaabsee ibsuun barbaada. Guca gaaddisa Oromoo,dhaaba dhiigaa ABO irraa gaaffii inni gaafatu kamiifi  deebii akka taanu  walii gallee,itti galuu  keenyaas cimsinee hubachiisu barbaadna. Dhumarraatti bara kanatti hojii boonsaa fi fooyyee qabu dhimma qaboo  irraatti waadaa Oromummaan haaressani marii keenyaa kan goolabne tahuu sin hubachiisna.

Injifannoon Uummata Oromoof!

Gadaan Gadaa Bilisummaati!

=>qeerroo

A Brief History of the Oromo People: A Mini-Documentary Film Presented on the Annual Refugee Film Festival 2013 at the British Film Institute (BFI), London

=>gadaa

Waamicha FDG Oslo Norway

 HDn ABO Jaal Dawud Ibsaa irratti ni argamuu!!!

ABOni Kutaa Iskandinevia akkuma aadaa isaatti guyyaa FDG Sadaasa 9/ 2013 Magalaa Oslo, Norway akka kabajuu Fulbaana 16/ 2013 waamicha  dabarsuun isaa beekamaa dha. Ammas waamicha kana haaroomsun ilmaan Oromoo kutaa Iskandinevia fi Awurophaa bakka addaa addaatti argamtan akkasuma biyyoota Awuroophaa ala ta’an keessa jiraattan akka irratti argamtan kabajaan isin afeerra.  Akkuma kanan dura ibsaa bahe keessatti beeksifne qophii seminaaraa fi galgaala aadaa qabna. Seminaarri keenyas kan itti xiyyeeffatu akeeka gotooti ilmaan Oromoo qabsoo keessatti bifa addaa addaan bakka adda addaatti  irratti wareegaman fiixaan baasuuf tumsa barbaachisu gochuuf oromoo irraa maaltu akka eegamu mari’achuuf gahee keenya gumaachuu taha. Mata dureen seminaaraa akka armaan gadii ti.

1. Haala Qabsoon bilisummaa Oromoo keessa jiruu fi Oromoo irraa maaltu eegama
2. FDG tooftaa qabsoo keessaa isa tokkoo tahee, itti milkaa’uuf haalli guutamuu qaban maali?
3. Mannii hidhaa Waayyaanee afaan Oromoo dubbata, Oromoo hidhuun  oromoo jiilchee qabsoo bilisummaa dhiisisaa?
4. Qooda shamarran Oromoo qabsoo hidhannoo keessatti

Qophii FDG, 2013 kana irratti HD. ABO Jaal Dawud Ibsaa qamaan irratti argamuun ibsaa haala qabsoon ABOnni geeggefamu latu.

Akkuma aadaa turettis qophii galgala aadaa guyyaa kana ni jiraata.

Artistoota: Galagala aadaa irratti bo’aarsuuf qophii irra jiran artistoota oromoo bebbeekamoon akka armaan gadii ti

1. Ilfinesh Qannoo
2. Hayiluu Kitaabaa
3. Hawwii H. Yesuus
4. Daangaa H. Yesuus
5. Yohaannis Abaatee
6. Asaantii Hajii

Bakki walgahii Galma:
Det Chilenske kulturhus.
Veitvetvn  8, Oslo

Guyyaa: Sadasaa 09/2013.

Akkaataa bakka galmaa gahan: Oslo Center bus 31 Grorud jedhu fudhattanii bakka Veitvet jedhutti buutu.
Baabura (Metro) lakkoobsa shan Vestli jedhu- gara bahaatti (East bound) qabatanii Veitvet buutu

Yeroo Sa’aa 11:00 akka Oslootti

Koree qindeessittu.

=>qeerroo

Canadian free expression group denounces mistreatment of journalists in Ethiopian prisons

Canadian Journalists for Free Expression 

Mr. Michael Tobias Babisso, Consul General
 
Consulate General of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
 
5080-3080 Yonge St
 
Toronto ON M4N 3N1 

Dear Mr. Tobias, 

I am writing on behalf of Canadian Journalists for Free Expression (CJFE), a non-profit, non-governmental organization that works to promote and protect press freedom and freedom of expression around the world. 

CJFE is troubled by the illegal detention of journalists and other dissenting voices in Ethiopian state prisons, particularly in light of reports that these individuals have been denied basic needs and subjected to physical abuse. 

According to a report released by Human Rights Watch, the Maekelawi Federal Police Crime Investigation Sector has been the site of several miscarriages of justice. Individuals exercising their right to free expression are often denied legal council, visits from their family, and are physically harmed. Respite from such ill-treatment is used as a bargaining tool by officials at Maekelawi to extract false confessions that are later used against the defendants in formal legal proceedings. 

These forced confessions not only lack legal validity, but also serve as a form of intimidation against others exercising their right to free expression. As a democracy, Ethiopia should embrace open conversation and debate surrounding its elections and government in order to fairly represent all of its citizens. These violations of the rights of detainees not only breach international laws, but Ethiopia's own constitution, requiring officials to protect anyone detained from such brutal conditions. 

CJFE urges the Ethiopian government to take immediate steps to cease unlawful detention, prevent the extraction of forced confessions, and improve legal safeguards for journalists and political prisoners in the country. 

We thank you for your attention and I look forward to your reply. 

Yours sincerely, 

Arnold Amber, CJFE President 

Cc: His Excellency David Usher, Ambassador to the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the Republic of Djibouti, and Permanent Observer of Canada to the African Union. 
The Honourable John Baird, Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs.

=>ifex